From dff91ba72067656103bdea99c92ecb5ea10586cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Morey-K Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2026 09:20:42 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Add files via upload Updated narrow and broad descriptions (finished all of the descriptions for this section). --- ...de descriptions_2026_updated July 18th.csv | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Narrow and Broad_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_updated July 18th.csv diff --git a/Narrow and Broad_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_updated July 18th.csv b/Narrow and Broad_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_updated July 18th.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8b58e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Narrow and Broad_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_updated July 18th.csv @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +Code,Technical definition ,Informal explanation ,KM suggestions ,Notes +0,Inanimate ,"It, a thing ","One of two groups of nouns, often ‘it’ or ‘a thing.’ ", +0Obv,Inanimate obviative,"the other thing, disambiguation of inanimate third persons","Noun inflection marking third person inanimate thing as backgrounding to differentiate between two inanimate third person things. For example, “The keys on the table.” The table is backgrounded compared to the focus placed on the keys. ", +0Pl,Inanimate plural,many things,"Two or more things belonging to the inanimate group of nouns, might be “many things.” ", +1,First person,I/me/my…,"Pronouns referring to oneself. For example, “I teach high school. My students emailed me.” ", +1Pl,First person plural,we/us/our,"Not inclusive (lister is removed from the group reference) for example, “We (not you) saw you at the park. You told us to visit the pond.” ", +2,Second person,you/your…,"Pronouns referring to the listener (singular). For example, “You are a student. Where do you go to school?” ", +21Pl,First person plural inclusive,we/us/our ... including you,"The listener is included. For example, “Let’s tell someone what we just found.” The speaker is including the listener as part of the plural pronoun ‘we.’", +2Pl,Second person plural,youse/youse's,"Second person addressing a group (two or more) like forms in some varieties of English such as: youse/youse’s, y’all/y’all’s, you all/ you all’s, or you guys/you guy’s. ", +3,Third person,he/she/him/her/his/hers,"Pronouns referring to someone or something that isn’t the speaker or listener: he/him, she/her, it/its, and they/them (as a gender-neutral third person singular pronoun).", +3Obv,Third person obviative,"the other one, disambiguation of third persons",The third person that is not the focus is marked with inflection and becomes backgrounded to keep the attention on the (proximate) focused third person., +3ObvPlus,Third person further obviative,"the other _other_ one, disambiguation of third persons","A way of distinguishing third persons. The noun (3rd person) with the obviative suffix is backgrounded. Further obviation makes another third person even further defocused. For example, “It was my dog that chased the squirrel past some kids!” The dog is most prominent, then the squirrel, and then the kids. ", +3PL,Third person plural,they/them/theirs,"Pronouns referring to the third person for example, “The students were nervous. They had a test. I saw them cramming before class.” ", +Adv,Adverbial ,,"There are time adverbs like ‘waabang,’ ‘tomorrow;’ location or place adverbs like ‘shaweyhiing,’ ‘alongside;’ manner adverbs like ‘gaawaanh,’ ‘barley;’ and circumstance adverbs like ‘njida,’ ‘on purpose,’ among other types of adverbs (Valentine 2001:138-147). ","This might be wrong… I had trouble finding a section on ""adverbials"" in the grammar and wasn't sure if it's just one thing in Nishnaabemwin. " +AntPass,Antipassive verb,"A X's (B), aka actor-focus","The agent or “doer” of the verb stays the subject, but something like an object is removed (a semantic role is decreased), for example, “I ate (lunch).” An example is ‘gnaadmaage,’ ‘you (sg.) help’ (Valentine 2001:687). ", +Benef,Benefactive,A X's for B,"Someone benefits from an action similar to “for” in English as in, “We carried boxes for her.” A X's for B.", +Caus,Causative,A makes B do X,"Inflection indicating A makes B do X. For example, “I made my dog sit before getting a treat.” ", +Cnj,Conjunct order,"used in questions, relative clauses, if-then statements","Verbal inflection for forming questions (who, what, etc., but not yes/no questions), if-then statements, and relative clauses (Valentine 2001:158). Verbs in conjunct order are subordinate to (supports) a main verb. Similar to, “I asked her to help me,” where ‘help’ supports the main verb ‘asked’ in English. ", +Con,Contemptive,dislike/disdain/teasing for X,"The contemptive gives nouns a degraded sense, expressing a speaker’s negative attitude towards them. Valentine gives examples like, “of no great value,” “just an ordinary,” and “I shouldn’t buy that crummy table” (Valentine 2001:185). ", +Conj,Conjunction,"and, or, but","Elements like ‘and,’ ‘or,’ and ‘but,’ that link phrases or words. ‘Miinwa’ and ‘gye’ are two common examples of coordinating words (coordinative adverbs) (Valentine 2001:996).", +Del,Delayed,do it in a while!',A delayed command such as “do it in a while!” Valentine gives the example of “Bi-zhaakan!” meaning “Come over later!” (Valentine 2001:222). , +Dim,Diminutive,cuteness/smallness/affection for X,"A noun ending that adds a quality of cuteness, smallness, and affection for X, like saying “doggie.” It can also mean a juvenile animal. Some nouns with a semantic meaning of smallness, like ‘baby,’ are always diminutive (Valentine 2001:494).", +DistLoc,Distributed locative,around/among X,"A noun ending indicating location that could mean ‘around,’ ‘among,’ or ‘in.’ The distributed locative is most often with “mass nouns,” things like ‘grass,’ ‘woods,’ ‘water,’ and ‘sand,’ that aren’t counted and are already plural in their meaning. For example, “His daughters are playing in the sand” (Valentine 2001:746).", +Dub,Dubitative,speaker doubts/needs to infer X,"Verbal inflection expressing the speaker is uncertain or doubts/questions something, like saying “supposedly” in English. ", +Else,,,Leaving this note that you might have wanted to just pull this, +Ext,Extended,the person prefix ni/gi/o- has been extended with da/di/doo,Modern forms of the person prefixes that emerged from language change. Modern speakers lengthened (extended) forms to further define forms them as they were reduced by (syncope) the deletion of vowels. , +Imp,Imperative order,used in commands,"The imperative order is verb inflection used for commands which includes immediate, delayed, and negative (prohibitive) commands. ", +Interj,Interjection,ah!,"Short one or two (adverbial particles) expressions conveying emotion, like ‘aa!,’ ‘come on!,’ ‘aambe!,’ ‘let’s (go)!,’ and ‘enh,’ ‘yes’ (Valentine 2001:149). ", +Ipc,Independent particle,the 'other' category,Particles are things that do not take inflection (things like plurality or animacy) as nouns and verbs do (Macaulay et al. 2026). Independent or “free” particles can appear on their own rather than needing to join a host (word). , +Itr,Iterative,marks repeated actions,"Verbal inflection added to verbs in the conjunct order to express a repeated action. Could also be the relative preverb meaning ‘so many times,’ as in, ‘Endso-dgoshing,’ ‘every time he comes’ (Valentine 2001:801-802). ", +Loc,Locative,on/in/at X,"A noun ending indicating location (locative) that could mean ‘on,’ ‘in,’ or ‘at.’ ", +NA,Animate Noun,a being or remarkable thing,"One of the two groups (classes) of nouns. Generally, all living things are animate, but this does not always hold. Animacy has to be memorized by learners, as it is grammatical (agreement) and part of a speaker’s intuition of their first language.", +NAD,Dependent Animate Noun,"an obligatorily posessed being or remarkable thing +Flagging the typo (possessed) ","Some nouns must have a person possessing them (marked by a person prefix). These nouns are often body parts and family (kinship terms). It is not possible to just say ‘grandma,’ it has to be in relation to someone. For example, ‘nzid,’ ‘my foot’ (Valentine 2001:106). ", +NI,Inanimate Noun,a thing,"One of the two groups (classes) of nouns, “it” or “a thing.” Inanimate nouns are generally non-living things, but this doesn’t always hold. Animacy has to be memorized by learners as it is grammatical (agreement) and part of a speaker’s intuition of their first language.", +NID,Dependent Inanimate Noun,"an obligatorily posessed +Flagging the typo (possessed)",Some nouns must have a person possessing them (marked by a person prefix). Dependent nouns are most often animate nouns like kinship terms. Some clothing items are among the examples of dependent inanimate nouns (Valentine 2001:113). , +Neg,Negative,not,"Negation (meaning not) is formed by two parts that work together, ‘gaawiin’ (sometimes gaa wii or just gaa) and ‘-sii’ (sometimes siiw), like in “Gaa wii dash gii-naagzisii,” ‘he was not visible’ (Valentine 2001:838). The pair becomes ‘gego’ (or gegwa) and ‘-ke(n)’ (or -siidaa) when giving a negative command like “don’t do X!” ", +Nul,Null,"the syncope expected with person prefix o- did not occur, as if no prefix had been added","A historical change that accounts for the difference between older person prefixes and the ones used by modern speakers that impacts vowel deletion. For example, ‘s/he works,’ ‘gidanokii,’ becoming ‘gnokii’ and the o- is not deleted because the verb and prefix have changed. ",A new style of prefix that would not be found on older versions of this word such as g- on 'gnokii' from the older form ‘gidanokii.’ +Num,Numeral,"1,2,3…","For example, ‘bezhig,’ ‘one,’ ‘niizh,’ ‘two,’ and nswi,’ ‘three,’ (Valentine 2001:874). ", +Obv,Obviation,a way of distinguishing third persons from each other where the third person with obviation morphology becomes defocused or backgrounded. The obviated third person is backgrounded/less central,"A way of distinguishing more than one third persons. One noun becomes backgrounded when it takes the “obviative” suffix. For example, “It was the child that watched some geese.” The child would be (proximate), making them the focus, while “some geese” would have the “obviate” suffix that backgrounds them. ", +ObvPlus,Futher obviative flagging typo ,a way of distinguishing backgrounded third persons from each other,"A way of distinguishing third persons from each other where one noun gets marked obviative with a suffix, causing it to become defocused or backgrounded. Further obviation makes another third person even less focused/further backgrounded. ",Small typo in the technical definition +PV/CCNJ,Changed conjunct form,,"The first vowel of verb complex (will show up on tense if present) in the conjunct order (inflection forming dependent verbs) shows a predictable vowel change. For example, the past tense ‘gii’ becomes ‘gaa’ (Valentine 2001:511). ", +Pass,Passive verb,A is X'ed,"Removes focus from the “doer” of an action like in the examples, “The sink was cleaned” and ‘gii-miinaawag,’ ‘were given’ (Valentine 2001:688). ", +Pcp,Participle,relative clauses: they who X,"Similar to (gerund) “-ing forms” in English. Participles are (relative clauses) noun and verb like and made from any verb. For example, ‘nebaajig,’ ‘those who are sleeping’ (Valentine 2001:138). ", +Pej,Pejorative,stronger dislike for X,"A negative sense expressing strong dislike. Such as, “this darn cat” in the example, “Gegeti gsha maaba gaazhgenzhish! Mii miin waa naami-nbaagan gii-oo-miiziid!” meaning “Oh this darn cat! It’s gone and pooped under the bed again!” (Valentine 2001: 190).", +Pl,Plural,more than one,"Two or more. For example, ‘mtig,’ ‘tree’ and ‘mtigoog,’ ‘trees’ or ‘doopwin,’ ‘table’ (Valentine 2001:115). ", +Poss,Verb of possession,A owns B,"“Have” or “own.” For example, ‘dayi,’ ‘have a dog’ and ‘niijaansi,’ ‘have a child’ (Valentine 2001:416).", +Pron,Pronoun,I/you/that…,"Refers to someone or something, I/you/he/she/it/that/we/us/they/them. Also points to something with words like “this” or “these.” ", +Prt,Preterit,"in verbs: X has been completed, in nouns: X is broken/deceased/no longer","On verbs in the independent order, the suffix has a temporal effect (something was completed). Verbs in the conjunct get a counterfactual (if something hypothetically were to happen) reading (Rice 2023). On nouns it can mean past possession; most often is used to mark someone who has passed away like saying, “my late friend.” ","APA Citation: Rice, M. (2023). The preterit mode and counterfactuality in Ojibwe. In M. Macaulay & M. Noodin (Eds.), Papers of the Fifty-Second Algonquian Conference (pp. 263–283). Michigan State University Press" +Qnt,Quantifier,some/all/most…,"Words like ‘aanind,’ ‘some,’ ‘gkina (kina),’ ‘all,’ and ‘niibwa (niibna),’ ‘many’ (Valentine 2001:144). ", +Rcpl,Reciprocal,A and B do X to each other, “They helped each other.” A and B do X to each other., +Redup,Reduplication,"indicates intensity, repetitiveness, plurality of subject, etc.","Reduplication expresses things like intensity, repetitiveness, and plurality. For example, “It was cold cold!” (shows intensity) and “I saw mosquitos, mosquitos, mosquitos, everywhere” (shows plurality of the subject).", +Rflx,Reflexive,A does X to A's self,"A reflexive is an action that is done to oneself. Reflexives are only formed by transitive animate verbs. A does X to A's self. For example, ‘Gziingwehdizo,’ ‘Wash/wipe one’s face’ (Valentine 2001: 408).", +ThmPas,Passive theme [Y is X'ed],"-igoo/aa/ind', marks passive voice (prefix is patient) for VAIs derived from VTAs, often called an 'unspecified actor theme'",When a transitive animate verb becomes an animate intransitive verb by passivation. Passive voice is marked by '-igoo/aa/ind' and the person prefix is the patient (experiences but does not do the action) often called an “unspecified actor theme” or “X” (Valentine 2001:272). , +VAI,Intransitive Verb with an Animate subject,description/action of a being or remarkable thing,"Verbs with animate subjects, for example, “s/he reads”. A few examples include, ‘zhiitaa,’ ‘ready,’ ‘dnizo,’ ‘cook there,’ and ‘oodetoo,’ ‘go to town’ (Valentine 2001:231).", +VAIO,Intransitive' Verb with an Animate subject and an Object,action performed by a being or remarkable thing to something else,"Verbs with animate subject and an optional object. For example, “s/he reads (a book).” + +A few examples include, ‘miigwed,’ ‘give (object) away,’ ‘nokaazod,’ ‘use (something),’ and ‘gwid,’ ‘wear (something)’ (Valentine 2001:242). ", +VII,Intransitive Verb with an Inanimate subject,description/action of a thing,"Verbs with an inanimate subject. For example, weather verbs, often “it is/be”. + +A few examples include, ‘wiisgan,’ ‘be bitter,’ ‘mchaa,’ ‘be big,’ and ‘yaamgad,’ ‘be (there)’ (Valentine 2001:253). ", +VTA,Transitive Verb with an Animate object,action performed on a being or remarkable thing,"Verbs with an animate object. For example, “Fred sees him” or ‘nwaabmaa,’ ‘I see her/him’ (Valentine 2001:279). ", +VTI,Transitive Verb with an Inanimate object,action performed on a thing,"Verbs with an inanimate object. For example, “Fred sees it”. + +A few examples include, ‘nda-bzindaan,’ ‘I listen to inanimate noun,’ ‘nda-mnwendaan,’ ‘I like IN,’ and ‘ndebwetaan,’ ‘I believe IN’ (Valentine 2001:309). ", +Voc,Vocative,calling to X,"Set of terms for directly addressing/calling out to someone. A few examples include, ‘noose!,’ ‘my father,’ ‘ndoodoo!,’ ‘my mother,’ and ‘biidii!,’ ‘chicks (chicken and turkeys)’ (Valentine 2001:205-206). ", +X,Unspecified person,"when prefixed: someone's X, when suffixed, I was X'ed (by someone), in Nishnaabemwin 'by someone' cannot be added","X can be prefixed or suffixed and is like passive voice without changing the transitivity of the verb. In passive voice, the “actor” (agent) who does the action is removed, like in “The popcorn was eaten.” An unspecified actor is more like saying “Someone ate the popcorn.” ", From 85e2e82b026597d1281f82eff3298bd12c7773df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Morey-K Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2026 09:21:50 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Add files via upload --- ...gestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv | 12 ++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Narrow Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv diff --git a/Narrow Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv b/Narrow Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfd351f --- /dev/null +++ b/Narrow Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Code,Technical definition ,Informal explanation ,KM suggestions ,Notes +Cmpd,Compound,two words joined to make a bigger word,"Compounds are when two words are joined to make a bigger word. For example, the two nouns with the same inflection forming a compound noun (Valentine 2001:591). ","There was an example of ""Thunder People"" but I wasn't sure if that name might be sensitive? I wasn’t able to find it in the Ojibwe peoples dictionary or the Nishnaabemwin online dictionary so I just cited the page for people to reference. " +Imm,Immediate,do it now!',"The imperative order is inflection on verbs used for commands. There are immediate, delayed, and negative (prohibitive) commands (Valentine 2001:991). ", +Thm1,First person theme [you X me],"-i' (often deleted), marks second person subject and first person object for VTAs (prefix is subject), often called a 'direct local theme'","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-i’ (often deleted) marks the second person as (subject) doing the action to the first person (object) with transitive animate verbs. [You X me], often called a direct local theme. ", +Thm1Pl2,Second person first plural theme [we X you],"-igoo', marks first person plural subject and second person object for VTAs (prefix is object), often called an 'indirect local theme'","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-igoo,’ marks the first person plural as the subject and the second person (prefix) as the object. [We X you], often called an indirect local theme. ", +Thm2,Second person theme [I X you],"-in', marks first person singular subject and second person object for VTAs (prefix is object), often called an 'indirect local theme'","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-in,’ marks the first person singular as the subject and the second person (prefix) as the object. [I X you], often called an indirect local theme. ", +Thm2a,Conjunct order second person theme A [I X you],"-inin', marks second person object, non-third person subject for conjunct order VTAs","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-inin,’ marks the second person as the object and any non-third person subject in the conjunct order, [I X you].", +Thm2b,Conjunct order second person theme B [He/she X's you],"-ik', marks second person object, third person subject for conjunct order VTAs","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-ik,’ marks the second person as the object and any third person as the subject in the conjunct order, [S/he X’s you].", +ThmDir,Direct theme [Y Xs him/her],"-aa', marks third person object for VTAs (prefix is subject), often called a 'direct non-local theme'","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which animate thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-aa,’ marks the third person as the object and any person prefix as the subject. [Y X’s him/her], often called a direct non-local theme. ", +ThmInv,Inverse theme [he/she/it X's Y],"-igo/ig', marks third person/inanimate subject for VTAs (prefix is object), often called an 'indirect local theme'","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘-igo’ or ‘-ig,’ marks the third person or inanimate thing as the subject and any person prefix as the object. [S/he, it X’s Y], often called the indirect local theme.", +ThmNul,Conjunct order third person theme [I/you X him/her],"--', marks third person object, non-third person subject for conjunct order VTAs","“Theme” refers to inflection that signals which thing is doing the action (subject) and which is receiving the action (object). ‘--’ marks the third person as the object and any non-third person as the subject in the conjunct order, [I/you X him/her]. ", +ThmPos,Posessive theme (Flagging typo),marks some possessed nouns,"“Theme” refers to inflection that signals relations between things. The possessive theme marks a noun as possessed by someone (person prefix). For example, ‘njiimaan(im),’ ‘my boat’ (Valentine 2001:197). ",Flagging typo in the technical definition From 1cee2b1adbeaf257138b0a18a21095a66390cdc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Morey-K Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2026 09:22:25 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Add files via upload --- ...ggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv | 11 +++++++++++ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Broad Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv diff --git a/Broad Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv b/Broad Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4d87d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Broad Only_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026_July 18th.csv @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Code,Technical definition ,Informal explanation ,KM suggestions ,Notes +(Focus:3Obv),Relative clause focused on 3Obv,"Roughly in English: the one that the dog chased, or, the one that chased the dog",,"These seem helpful without adding more to them. I might try to find some examples in Rand's grammar in Nishnaabemwin, but otherwise I don't want to over complicate the descriptions. " +(Focus:3Pl),Relative clause focused on 3Pl,"In English: they that bit the man, or, they that the man bit.",,See note above +(Focus:O),Relative clause focused on the object,In English: the dogs that the man bit,,See note above +(Focus:S),Relative clause focused on the subject,In English: the man that bit the dogs,,See note above +O,Object,,"The thing that is impacted or acted on by the “doer” of the verb. For example, ‘toast’ as the object of ‘stealing’ in “The dog stole my toast.” ", +PA,A pre-adverb,,"Pre-adverbs (part of speech) attach at the front of adverbs to express the extent or degree of something. For example, ‘gchi-’ ‘very’ and ‘mno-’ ‘good, well, sufficient’ (Valentine 2001:170). ", +PN,A prenoun,,"Prenouns (part of speech) come before nouns to express things like color such as ‘mkade-,’ ‘black.’ They can express numbers like ‘ngo-,’ ‘one’ and location such as ‘naami-,’ ‘under.’ Other prenouns are descriptive for example, ‘gete-,’ ‘old’ or ‘waawye-,’ ‘round’ (Valentine 2001:152-153). ", +PV,A preverb,,"Preverbs (part of speech) come before verbs to express things like tense (future and past) and the kind of desire, possibility, and obligation that modals like ‘should,’ ‘could,’ and ‘would’ express in English (Valentine 2001: 154). ", +Pos,Possessor,,"The possessor is the thing that has ownership of something. Nouns like family and body parts have to be possessed (marked by a person prefix) so they are in relation to someone. My/mine, yours, his/hers/its/theirs are possessive pronouns. ", +S,Subject,,"The “doer” of a verb. For example, ‘dog’ in “The dog slept” or ‘kettle’ in “The kettle boiled over.” ", From 0944de6b64c84499856dd2d852ffc52daed7e848 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Morey-K Date: Thu, 13 Aug 2026 11:58:14 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Southwestern Anishinaabemowin Codes Description suggestions for Southwestern Anishinaabemowin codes --- ...Suggestions for code descriptions_2026.csv | 98 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+) create mode 100644 SW Anishinaabemowin_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026.csv diff --git a/SW Anishinaabemowin_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026.csv b/SW Anishinaabemowin_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50fb1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/SW Anishinaabemowin_Morey_Suggestions for code descriptions_2026.csv @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +Code,Technical definition ,Informal explanation ,KM suggestions ,Notes +0PlHead,Relative clause about an inanimate plural,"those that X, see Focus tags in Nishnaabemwin high level explanation",A relative clause about more than one inanimate thing. Similar to saying those that (do something). , +0PlObj,Inanimate plural object,Y Xes those,"More than one inanimate thing is the object (thing acted on by verb). Similar to those or things in the English sentences, She fixed those or She repairs things. ", +0PlObvHead,Relative clause about an inanimate plural obviative,"those others that X, see Focus tags in Nishnaabemwin high level explanation",A relative clause about inanimate things that have been backgrounded. Similar to saying those other ones that (do something)., +0PlObvSubj,Inanimate plural obviative subject,those others X,"Multiple inanimate things that are the subject (doer or focus) of the verb (action) but are backgrounded or defocused like saying, Those other ones float instead of They float. ", +0PlSubj,Inanimate plural subject,those things X,"Inanimate nouns (things, those) that are the subject (doer or focus) of the verb (action) like in the English examples, Those float or The things float.", +0SgHead,Relative clause about an inanimate singular,"the thing that Xes, see Focus tags in Nishnaabemwin high level explanation",A relative clause about one inanimate thing (singular). Similar to saying the thing that (does something)., +0SgObj,Inanimate singular object,Y Xes it,When an inanimate singular noun is the object of a verb like it in I kept it. , +0SgObvHead,Relative clause about an inanimate singular obviative,"the other thing that Xes, see Focus tags in Nishnaabemwin high level explanation","When a relative clause is about an inanimate singular noun (it, thing) that is backgrounded (obviated). Like, the other thing that in That thing and the other thing that plays music. ", +0SgObvSubj,Inanimate singular obviative subject,the other thing Xes,"When an inanimate singular noun that is backgrounded (obviated) is the subject. Similar to saying, the other thing in The other thing worked better. ", +0SgSubj,Inanimate singular subject,it Xes,When an inanimate singular noun is the subject of a verb like it in It keeps time. , +1Sg,First person singular,I,"Oneself, expressed by saying I, or me. ", +1SgObj,First person singular object,Y Xes me,"When the first person (I, me, myself) is acted on by the verb like in the English example, The dog jumped on me. ", +1SgPoss,First person singular possessive,mine,"When the first person (I, me, myself) possesses something. For example, my house.", +1SgSubj,First person singular subject,I X,"Oneself (I) is the subject (doer) of the verb (action). For example, I fish. ", +2Pl,Second person plural,youse,"Second person addressing a group (two or more) like forms in some varieties of English such as: youse/youses, yall/yalls, you all/ you alls, or you guys/you guys.", +2PlObj,Second person plural object,Y Xes youse,"Two or more second persons (you guys, yall, or youse) are the object (thing acted on by the verb) like in, I saw yall.", +2PlPoss,Second person plural possessive,youse's,"Two or more second persons (you guys, yall, or youse) possess something. For example, You guys house. ", +2PlSubj,Second person plural subject,Youse X,"Two or more second persons (you guys, yall, or youse) are the subject (doer) of the verb. For example, Yall fish. ", +2Sg,Second person singular,you,"Second person, you. ", +2SgObj,Second person singular object,Y Xes you,"Second person, you as the object of the verb like in the English example, I saw you. ", +2SgPoss,Second person singular possessive,your,"Second person (you) possesses something. For example, your in I like your dog. ", +2SgSubj,Second person singular subject,you X,"Second person is the subject (doer) of the verb. For example, You camped up north. ", +3Pl,Third person plural,the other guys,"They or the other guys like in the examples, They fished and The other guys fished. ", +3PlObvHead,Relative clause about a third person plural obviative,the others who X,"A relative clause about a third person plural (they) that is backgrounded or defocused (obviated). Similar to saying, the others who went. ", +3PlObvObj,Third person plural obviative object,Y Xes the other ones,"When a backgrounded or defocused (obviated) third person plural (they) is the object of a verb. For example, the other ones in I saw them and the other ones. ", +3PlObvPoss,Third person plural obviative possessive,the other guys's,"When a backgrounded or defocused (obviated) third person plural (they) possesses something. Similar to saying, the other guyss. ", +3PlObvSubj,Third person plural obviative subject,the other ones X,"When a backgrounded or defocused (obviated) third person plural (they) is the subject (doer) of a verb. For example, the other ones in The other ones told me.", +3PlProx,Third person plural proximate,they/them,A third person plural (they) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused like they in They helped those other guys. , +3PlProxHead,Relative clause about a third person plural proximate,they who X,A relative clause about a third person plural (they) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused. Similar to they who in They who helped those other guys. , +3PlProxObj,Third person plural proximate object,Y Xes them,"When a third person plural (they) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused is the object of a verb. For example, them in I saw them and the other ones.", +3PlProxPoss,Third person plural proximal possessive,theirs,"When a third person plural (they) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused possesses something. For example, their in Their dog was nicer than those other guyss dogs. ","Just flagging potential typo in the technical definition ""proximal""" +3PlProxSubj,Third person plural proximate subject,they X,"When a third person plural (they) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused is the subject (doer) of the verb. For example, they in They knew those other guys.", +3Sg,Third person singular,the other guy,"Third person singular, he, she, it. ",A little confused by the original informal definition. This isn't meant to be obviative right? +3SgObvHead,Relative clause about a third person singular obviative,the other one who Xes,"When a third person singular (s/he, it) is backgrounded or defocused in a relative clause. For example, the other one who in I want to thank her and the other one who helped. ", +3SgObvObj,Third person singular obviative object,Y Xes the other one,"A third person singular (s/he, it) is backgrounded or defocused as the object of a verb. For example, the other one in I talked to him and the other one.", +3SgObvPoss,Third person singular obviative possessor,the other guy's,"When a backgrounded or defocused (obviated) third person (s/he, it) possesses something. Similar to saying, the other guys.", +3SgObvSubj,Third person singular obviative,the other one Xes,"A third person singular (s/he, it) is backgrounded or defocused like saying the other one. ", +3SgProx,Third person singular proximate,he/she/him/her,"A third person (s/he, it) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused like he in He helped those other guys.", +3SgProxHead,Relative clause about a third person singular proximate,the one who Xes,"A relative clause about a third person (s/he, it) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused. Similar to the one who in The one who helped that other guy.", +3SgProxObj,Third person singular proximate object,Y Xes him/her,"When a third person (s/he, it) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused is the object. For example, her in I saw her and the other one.", +3SgProxPoss,Third person singular proximal possessive,his/hers,"When a third person (s/he, it) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused possesses something. For example, his in His car was newer than the other guys. ","Just flagging potential typo in the technical definition ""proximal""" +3SgProxSubj,Third person singular proximate subject,He/she Xes,"When a third person (s/he, it) that is the focus (proximate) while another third person is defocused is the subject (doer). For example, he in He and the other guy fish together.", +ADVConj,A conjunction,"and, or, but","Words like and, or, and but that link words, phrases, or clauses. Miinwa and gye are two common examples of coordinating words (coordinative adverbs) (Valentine 2001:996).", +ADVDeg,A degree adverb,"extremely, partially","Adverbs expressing degree like, really, only, and extremely (Valentine 2001:145). ", +ADVDisc,A discourse marker,so,"Things like, and, so, or then. For example, +mii dash and there (Valentine 2001:151). ", +ADVDub,A dubitative adverb,,"Dubitative adverbs express hesitation or uncertainty, like evidentially or it seems (Valentine 2001:830-831). ", +ADVGram,A grammatical adverb,,"Adverbs include time like tomorrow; location like alongside; manner like barley; circumstance like on purpose, among other types (Valentine 2001:138-147).", +ADVInter,An interrogative adverb,,Adverbs used in questions like na for yes/no questions (Valentine 2001:146). , +ADVLoc,An adverb of location,"here, there","Adverbs that express location or place like here, there, or alongside (Valentine 2001:140).", +ADVMan,A manner adverb,"quickly, thoroughly",Adverbs that express manner like quickly or thoroughly (Valentine 2001:142)., +ADVNeg,A negative adverb,"ever, at all","Negative adverbs can be words with negative meanings like, at all or ever. The other kind makes something negative (negation like not) (Valentine 2001:145). ", +ADVPred,A predicative adverb,,Adverbs that connect more about the subject like only later when (Valentine 2001:949). , +ADVQnt,A quantifier,"some, all, most","Adverbs like some, all, most, or many (Valentine 2001:144).", +ADVTmp,A temporal adverb,"then, soon","Adverbs that express time such as again, today, then, or soon (Valentine 2001:140).", +DubPrt,Dubitative Preterit,preterit and dubitative: X has been completed and speaker doubts/needs to infer X,A way of conjugating verbs to express doubt or hesitation about something that has been finished in the past (Valentine 2001:798-799)., +Excl,First person plural exclusive,us ... not you,"First person plural excluding the listener (you), meaning we/us, not you.", +ExclObj,First person plural exclusive object,Y Xes us but not you,"The first person plural excluding the listener (you), meaning us, not you as the object. For example, She called us (not you).", +ExclPoss,First person plural exclusive possessive,ours ... not yours,"First person plural excluding the listener (you) possess something, like saying ours, not yours.", +ExclSubj,First person plural exclusive subject,Us but not you X,"We but not you do something. For example, We (not you) are leaving tomorrow.", +Incl,First person plural inclusive,us and you,"First person plural like we or us including the listener. Like, we (including you) or us (including you). ", +InclObj,First person plural inclusive object,Y Xes you and us,"The first person plural (includes you) is the object, like in She sent this for us (including you). ", +InclPoss,First person plural inclusive possessive,ours and yours,"First person plural including the listener (you) possess something, like saying ours and yours.", +InclSubj,First person plural inclusive subject,You and us X,"First person plural inclusive, us (including you) are the subject. For example, We (including you) are invited. ", +Ind,Independent order,"used in statements, main clauses, default unmarked order","Verbal inflection used in statements, main clauses. The default unmarked order (verbal inflection). ", +LocDist,Distributed locative,around/among X,"A noun ending indicating location that could mean around, among, or in. For example, His daughters are playing in the sand (Valentine 2001:746).", +NamePerson,Name of a person,,A persons name. , +NamePlace,Name of a place,,The name of a place like Bemidji., +ObvPl,Obviative plural,"the other ones, third persons that are more in the background","Third persons plural (they, the other ones) that are backgrounded or defocused (obviated). ", +ObvSg,Obviative singular,"the other one, a third person that has been backgrounded","Third person (he, she, it) that is backgrounded or defocused (obviated). ", +PCAsp,Aspectual particle,,A word that marks a regularly repeated past event (Valentine 2001:791).,Just wanted to flag that I wasn't positive about this one +PCDisc,Discourse particle,,A word used in discourse with meanings like and then such as mii (Valentine 2001:963). ,Just wanted to flag that I wasn't positive about this one +PCEmph,Emphatic particle,,A word that emphasizes things like something unexpected or assertiveness (Valentine 2001:150). , +PCInterj,Interjective particle,,"Words that indicate emotion including things like hello, yes, no, look out!, and come on! (Valentine 2001: 149). ", +PRONDem,Demonstrative pronoun,that/those,"A pronoun like this, that, or those that points to a specific noun. It picks out its reference for the listener. ", +PRONDub,Dubitative pronoun,,Pronouns that express doubt about the noun they refer to like whoever or whatever in English. , +PRONIndf,Indefinite pronoun,a/some,A pronoun that refers to a noun more generally like a and some without referencing a specific noun. , +PRONInter,Interrogative pronoun,who,"Question words like who, what, and which that refer to an unknown noun. ", +PRONPer,Personal pronoun,I/you/he/him,"Pronouns referring to people, animals, things like I, you, s/he, it, they etc. ", +PRONPret,Preterite pronoun,,"Pronouns like aweniban, +s/he or one who is missing (Ojibwe Peoples Dictionary). ",Flagging typo in the technical definition +PRONSim,,,,I think this one was potentially an unused tag +PVTense/gii,Past tense,I walked,"Actions and events in the past like, I walked in English. ", +Pos,Positive,"X is true, X happened, default unmarked polarity",Something is true or happened. The default unmarked as opposed to the negative that must be marked. , +Poss,Posessive theme,marks some possessed nouns,"Theme refers to inflection that signals relations between things. The possessive theme marks a noun as possessed by someone (person prefix). For example, my boat (Valentine 2001:197). ",Flagging typo in the technical definition +Prb,Prohibitive,"don't do it! Appears in commands, equivalent of Imp Neg in Nishnaabemwin analyzers",Verb inflection used for negative commands like Dont do it!, +Pret,Preterit,"Western usage: PRET marking is for nouns, marking that X is broken/deceased/no longer",Marking on nouns that most often shows someone has passed. It can also be used on objects that are broken or no longer in someones possession (Valentine 2001:206)., +ProxPl,Proximal plural,more than one entity that has not been backgrounded by being obviated,"Persons or things (plural), they are the focus (proximate) rather than the backgrounded (obviative) persons or things. ", +ProxSg,Proximal singular,"one entity, a third person that has not been backgrounded by being obviated",A singular third person that is the focus (proximate) rather than the backgrounded (obviative) person or thing. , +Prt,Preterit,"Western usage: PRT marking is for verbs, marking that: X has been completed","On verbs in the independent order, the suffix has a temporal effect (something was completed). Verbs in the conjunct get a counterfactual (if something hypothetically were to happen) reading (Rice 2023). ", +Sg,Singular,one entity,"Singular, just one person or thing. ", +Sim,Simple,"do it! Appears in commands, equivalent of Imm in Nishnaabemwin analyzers",Verb inflection used for commands (without a delayed meaning) like Do it!, +VAIPL,Intransitive Verb with only PLural Animate subjects,description/action of beings or remarkable things,An intransitive verb (no object) with a plural animate subject. , +VII+Augment/magad,A common way of making an Intransitive Verb with an Inanimate subject,description/action of a thing,"Ending that makes the subject of an intransitive verb inanimate, like It is cold rather than She is cold. Sometimes magad is added to VIIs without adding any meaning (Valentine 2001:373).", +VIIPL,Intransitive Verb with only PLural Inanimate subjects,description/action of things,"An intransitive verb (no object) with a plural inanimate subject like the verb, mamaangaashkaa, there are big waves (The Ojibwe Peoples Dictionary). ", +Xobj,Unspecified object,Y ate [something]. See AntPass in Nishnaabemwin models,"The object is unspecified like something in, She ate something already.", +Xsubj,Unspecified subject,"Y was Xed [by someone]. See ThmPas, Pass in Nishnaabemwin models",The subject is unspecified like someone or somebody in Someone/somebody already helped me. ,