A low-cost optical camera trigger for lightning and other phenomena, based on the ATTiny84A microcontroller.
I wanted a way to trigger my Canon DSLR on lightning, fireworks, and other optical flashes; however, current trigger systems cost hundreds of dollars. The goal of this project is to create a low-cost trigger system that can be assembled by anyone with minimal SMD soldering experience (such as myself) and access to a 3D printer and an Arduino for programming.
I have only tested the trigger with the Canon EOS T5i. However, by using a different wire to connect the camera and trigger, it should be adaptable to numerous camera models. See the Assembly doc for details.
See docs/assembly.md for information on assembly, programming, etc.
The trigger takes 2x AAA batteries; either alkaline or NiMH (rechargeable) works.
Attach the trigger to the hotshoe mount of your camera and connect the output jack to the wired remote input of your camera using an appropriate cable.
The trigger is operated as follows:
- Turn on the device using the on/off switch on the right. The green ready LED indicates that the device is powered on and ready to trigger.
- Enable/disable the output using the output enable switch on the left. The output enable LED indicates when the output is enabled. When the output is disabled, the trigger will operate normally but the camera shutter will not activate; this is useful when adjusting the camera to avoid false triggers.
- The current flash intensity is indicated by how many red LEDs are lit. After a flash, the LEDs remain lit for around 1 second.
- Press the front button to set the sensitivity level (the minimum flash intensity to activate the trigger). When the device is triggered, the orange focus and shutter LEDs light up to indicate a trigger event.
- Hold the front button for about 1 second to enable/disable hold focus mode; in this mode, the focus LED remains on to indicate that the focus/exposure signal going to the camera is continuously active. This is equivalent to continuously holding the shutter button halfway. In limited tests, this seems to prevent the camera from "falling asleep" and improves shutter lag significantly, but I have not tested whether this impacts camera battery life.
- Holding the front button for about 6 seconds enables debugging mode; see the Assembly doc for details.
See this video for a demo of the trigger on nearby fireworks.
The most difficult design decision of this project was determining the necessary bandwidth of the amplifier stages. To estimate an acceptable bandwidth, I used data scraped from graphs of lightning illuminance over time by Quick and Krider (2013) and simulated different filtering schemes on these waveforms. The current amplifier bandwidth of approximately 110-4400 Hz was chosen to preserve peak heights above an arbitrary threshold while hopefully eliminating the effects of most natural lighting variations (~1 Hz). Unfortunately, artificial light sources exhibiting even slight mains-frequency oscillations are still able to interfere with the sensor.
A KiCad project with simple AC/transient simulations of the amplifier is found in the simulation folder.
Should there be a version 2 of this project, I hope to integrate many changes:
- Switch microcontroller platforms: The ATTiny has very limited processing power, especially when running on a battery voltage as low as 2.6 V (in the case of NiMH rechargeable cells) which limits clock speed to 8 MHz. In a future revision I hope to switch to an STM32 or similar platform for much faster processing. Doing so would also make a direct USB connection possible, bypassing the need for an external Arduino or other programming board and making serial debugging and data logging much easier.
- Digital signal processing: With a faster processor, the sample rate (and analog amplifier bandwidth) could be increased, with more of the filtering handled digitally. This would not only make the design more adaptable, but also allow it to be used across a full range of audio frequencies—meaning it could be configured as a USB microphone to convert light into sound.
- Better integrate PCB and enclosure design: Numerous difficulties the design of the enclosure were caused by poor choices in designing the PCB, which need to be rectified in version 2.
- Eliminate microphonic effects: The trigger is currently very sensitive to mechanical bumps, interference from the camera shutter, etc. Improvements to the analog circuitry are needed to address these issues.
Files in the enclosure, hardware, and simulation folders are licensed under CERN-OHL-P v2.
All other files are under the MIT license.
See the LICENSE-MIT and LICENSE-CERN-OHL-P files for details.