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Growing Up to Learn: Developmental Scaffolds for Reinforcement Learning

An experimental research program testing five hypotheses about how RL should sit between imitation and evaluation — the way humans learn: from instruction, world models, drills, teachers, and growing bodies.

Interactive results: https://andrewboldi.github.io/developmental-rl/ · Paper: paper/paper.pdf · Literature synthesis: RESEARCH.md · Versioned protocols: DESIGN.md

The five hypotheses — as the data left them

# Name What survived fresh-seed, Holm-corrected, dual-statistic verification
H1 The Blindfold Test With a learned touch filter, blind navigation at "home" matches sighted (0.975 vs 0.973) and collapses in a "stranger's home" (0.290, floor 0.033). Refuted honestly: the famous Dyna speedup — an update-matched replay control closes 100% of it. The model's unique value is acting blind, not learning fast.
H2 Microtasks Start-state drills reach full-game mastery in 15,125 steps vs 40,375 (p≤4e-9). Uniform start diversity is worthless (p=0.39 vs whole) — targeted structure carries it. Boundary: optimistic initialization reproduces the whole effect; drills pay for undirected explorers.
H3 Variation Practice The Shea–Morgan crossover, counterbalanced: interleaved wins retention (0.910 vs 0.793, p=5e-10) and transfer (0.779 vs 0.621). Mechanism proven by ablation — remove shared features and the crossover vanishes (p=0.92). Acquisition edge: boundary.
H4 Generational Teaching Episodic-bottleneck distillation ratchets to 10.0 IQM (48/60 lineages) while weight-copy, long lives, and random optimistic advice all fail (p≤2e-20; random advice poisons to 0.0). Boundary: global optimism solves this small world outright — teaching pays where optimism is unaffordable.
H5 Growing Bodies Confound-free pairing: growth reaches adult competence with 9–42× less fall damage AND 30–40% fewer steps, robust to physics variants. Reversed: gradualism (abrupt growth is cheaper) and balance-first staging (walking-from-the-start wins).
E6 The Self-Coach With no teacher, restarting from moments in its own best episodes makes the agent 28% faster than raw play (Holm p=.02). Refuted: self matches teacher — the designed curriculum is another ~2× faster (p≤2.5e-6): the measured value of instruction.
E7 Layout robustness Both headline effects replicate on freshly generated worlds: blindfold 5/5 home pairs (pooled Welch p=2e-30), generational teaching 4/5 TrapGrids (miss direction-consistent). Plus the decisive EXP4 control: fresh students replaying entire goal-bearing teacher lifetimes consolidate 0/35 vs distill's 129/129 — curation is causal.

Every claim above is scored by a pre-registered rule on fresh seeds disjoint from all tuning, with both Mann-Whitney and Welch tests, Holm-corrected. Seven registered claims were refuted, two landed on boundaries — all reported, none deleted. The program went through a 16-agent adversarial verification pass and a mandated hardening round; the audit trail lives in the PR history.

Layout

src/devrl/        core library: environments, agents, harness, stats
experiments/      one runnable script per hypothesis (v2, with controls)
tests/            pytest suite (321 tests)
results/          per-seed JSON produced by the committed scripts
paper/            manuscript (markdown -> 17pp PDF), figures, bibliography
docs/             Three.js + GSAP interactive site (GitHub Pages), real data

Reproduce

uv venv && source .venv/bin/activate
uv pip install -e ".[dev]"
pytest                                  # 321 tests
python -m devrl.run_all                 # rerun every experiment, all seeds
python docs/build_data.py               # regenerate the site's data
python paper/make_figures.py            # regenerate the paper's figures
(cd paper && python assemble.py && ./build.sh)   # rebuild the PDF

Single experiment, custom scale:

python experiments/exp4_generations.py --seeds 60 --seed-offset 100 --out results/exp4.json

About

Developmental scaffolds for RL: world models (the blindfold test), microtask curricula, variation practice, generational teaching, growing bodies — validated experiments + interactive visualization

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